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 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015

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ISBN 978-5-9614-4630-2



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notes









1


ࠖ   ,     :   . . .










1


        ,    .     ,    .




2


 ,     ,  , .: David P. Ausubel, "Adults versus Children in Second-Language Learning: Psychological Considerations," Modern Language Journal 48 (7) (1964): 420424; Stefka H. Marinova-Todd, D. Bradford Marshall, and Catherine E. Snow, "Three Misconceptions about Age and L2 Learning," TESOL Quarterly 34 (1) (2000): 934; and Mary Schleppegrell, "The Older Language Learner" (Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics, 1987), http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED287313.pdf (http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED287313.pdf).

      .: Stephen D. Krashen, Michael A. Long, and Robin C. Scarcella, "Age, Rate, and Eventual Attainment in Second Language Acquisition," TESOL Quarterly 13 (4) (1979): 573582.

       .: David Birdsong, "Ultimate Attainment in Second Language Acquisition," Language 68 (4) (1992): 706755.

          .: David P. Ausubel, Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968); Gregory K. Moffatt, The Parenting Journey: From Conception through the Teen Years (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2004); Schleppegrell, "The Older Language Learner."




3


 ,   , .: Howard Gardner, The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985).




4


      ., : Arthur C. Graesser, Cheryl Bowers, Ute J. Bayen, and Xiangen Hu, "Who Said What? Who Knows What? Tracking Speakers and Knowledge in Narratives," in New Perspectives on Narrative Perspective, ed. Willie van Peer and Seymour Chatman, 255272 (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2001).




5


          ., : John B. Black and Robert Wilensky, "An Evaluation of Story Grammars," Cognitive Science 3 (3) (1979): 213230.




6


 ,           , .: Wolfgang Schneider and Kathrin Lockl, "The Development of Metacognitive Knowledge in Children and Adolescents," in Applied Metacognition, ed. Timothy J. Perfect and Bennett L. Schwartz, 224260 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).




7


        .: Ethan Zell and Zlatan Krizan, "Do People Have Insight into Their Abilities? A Metasynthesis," Perspectives on Psychological Science 9 (2) (2014): 111125.




8


  ,   , .: Jean Berko Gleason, Rivka Y. Perlmann, and Esther Blank Greif, "What's the Magic Word: Learning Language through Politeness Routines," Discourse Processes 7 (4) (1984): 493502.




9


   .: Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability," Cognitive Psychology 5 (2) (1973): 207232.

      ., : Herbert A. Simon, "The Structure of Ill-Structured Problems," Artificial Intelligence 4 (1973): 181201, http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cschan/235/6_Simon_Ill_defined_problem.pdf (http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cschan/235/6_Simon_Ill_defined_problem.pdf).




10


         ,     , .: Riccardo Rebonato, Plight of the Fortune Tellers: Why We Need to Manage Financial Risk Differently (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010).




11


   .: Roger Buehler, Dale Griffin, and Michael Ross, "Exploring the 'Planning Fallacy:' Why People Underestimate Their Task Completion Times," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (3) (1994): 366381; Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, "Intuitive Prediction: Biases and Corrective Procedures," Technical Report PTR-1042-77-6, 1977, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA047747 (http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA047747).




12


       .: Shelley E. Taylor, Lien B. Pham, Inna D. Rivkin, and David A. Armor, "Harnessing the Imagination: Mental Simulation, Self-Regulation, and Coping," American Psychologist 53 (4) (1998): 429439.




13


   .: Victoria Husted Medvec, Scott F. Madey, and Thomas Gilovich, "When Less Is More: Counterfactual Thinking and Satisfaction among Olympic Medalists," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (4) (1995): 603610.




14


      .: Becca R. Levy, Alan B. Zonderman, Martin D. Slade, and Luigi Ferrucci, "Age Stereotypes Held Earlier in Life Predict Cardiovascular Events in Later Life," Psychological Science 20 (3) (2009): 296298.




15


       .: Neal J. Roese and Kathleen D. Vohs, "Hindsight Bias," Perspectives on Psychological Science 7 (5) (2012): 411426.




16


 ,     ,    Maxwell Maltz, Psycho-Cybernetics: A New Way to Get More Living Out of Life (New York: Prentice Hall, 1960), ., : Phillippa Lally, Cornelia H. M. Van Jaarsveld, Henry W. W. Potts, and Jane Wardle, "How Are Habits Formed: Modeling Habit Formation in the Real World," European Journal of Social Psychology 40 (6) (2010): 9981009.


