  
 


  ࠖ  ,        ,  ,  ,   ,  .    ,     ,      ,  ,  .           ⠖      ,  .  ,   ,       ,  ,   ꠖ .





 

  



  ,  

  

  .

 ., .

  .

  .



 Melvyn Bragg, 2003

    , .   -, 2016

   Sheil Land Associates  Synopsis Literary Agency



  .      .                        ,         ,           .             5.  (. 49 ),            6  (. 146  ).


* * *


      







   


        .         .    ,    , , ,    ,     XX .            ,      .

       ꠖ    ,   ,              -    . ,  ,    ,         ,   -                 !

         .

       ,      --       ,        ,   ,      .        , , ,   ,       .     ,               ,      .

      ,  ,         ,   ,   .         .        V          .     ,  .          VIII  IX .  ,         .     ,       ,     .          1611    ,      ,   5000       .      -,    1066 ,       .

,      頖   !    ,     .  1940-        .          ,                   .    :         ,       . -    :        !     ,  ,       ,       .

     --      ,          1500 .     ,       --, -, .                   ,    , ,        ,      .

         .    ,     ,           .

    ,   , ,      - .          ,    ,       ,    (    ),            .       , 頖  ,    ,       ,     --.

   ,    ,   ,    ,         1500 .  ,        ,    V     100 000  ,      ,        2    ,     .

     :                  ,   , . ,  -    ,      ,     .              ,      .  ..

 ,      (,  ),      .       ( ),    (),    (),     .

        ,    ,        ,  ,   ,  , ,  ,   ,    ,   ,             .         .      ,    ,        ,         .       ,         .

     , ,    ,     .     ,  ,   ,          ,      ,    ,    ,     .      ,     .

,                  .

, ,     . -,  ,     ,       .  ,     ,           ,         ,        .      -  ,     .

           . ,         ,      (,  ,         ,          ).         .     -   ,   ,    ,       ,    ,  ,    ,     , ,   ,    .

    ,                 ࠖ    .    , ,      ,          .







      ,     150 000 ,      1,5     .         .     1500  .     .

     ,   :       ;    ,    ;       .     ,   .          :  ,  ,         .

   ,         .    ,      , ,     .  ,          . ,        ,    ,   ,         .      ,     ,     ,              .

         . 100 000  ?  ? ,      ,    ,         .  ,     .    ,           ,   Homo sapiens 100 000  .    .    ,    .      ,        Homo sapiens  .      ,      .

     ?       ? ,  -       2000  ,     . -              .

   ,              .  ,        ,       ,        .            . ꠖ   ,   ,   ,           .

       -- 25   The Routes of English (  ),          .       :        ,    ;     ,      ,      --.        ,          ,    .

         ,    ,    ,     ,   ,    ,      . ITV   ,     .      ,  ,     ,    ,       .

   ,      ,       .           :      ;  ,   ;           ,        .

  ,      ,       :     .  ,         ,        :    ,       ,       , ,   ,            .

---  껠         .          : , -, -   .          ,         ,     (      ,   )      堖   .       ,     ,     ,    ,    ,       .

          V     ,          ,        ,         ( ),     .         ,   , ,   ,    -  , , ,     .           ,         ,       .          .      ,    ,         .




1. 


Ѡ   ?    ,     ,   ?         ,  ?  ,   ,      ,    ?

   , ,   ,  V     -    .       ,      ,  ,     ,     .           449 ,  ,   ,  ,    .      ,     :    .             ,       :     ,     ;       :  ,   .

  !      ,   ,           ,       .   1500    ,       (      ),   .            .

      .        ,      ;       ,          .          .            .

       ࠖ      ,             :  ,   ,  ,    .    ,     .       ,        ,         .

   ,     .        ; ,   ,     , ,    :  ,        ,  ;      ,  ,   ,   .      : ,   ,      ,  ,  .

   - ,   - ,    .       ,       .    ,   ,        . -  ,      ,    ,      ;       ,           .    ,           ࠖ    .



         ,    ,           .             ,      ,     !  ,  ,  , . ,   ,     , ,  En as we dan Maart noch even besjoche, Maart hawwe we toch in oantal dajan om de froast en friezen diet it toch sa'n njoggen dagen dat foaral oan'e grun,       ,  trije (. . three, )  fjour (four, ), froast (frost, )  frieze (freeze, ), mist ()  blau (blue, ),   - ,  ,      .           ,      .   ,         .      ,         Also there's a chance of mist, and then tomorrow quite a bit of sun, blue in the sky (  ,      ,  , ),  En fierders, de kais op mist. En dan moarn, en dan mei flink wat sinne, blau yn'e loft en dat betsjut dat.

     ,   ,        ,    :     .     laam (lamb, ), goes (goose, ), buter (butter, ), brea (bread, ), tsiis (cheese, );   see (sea, ), stoarm (storm, ), boat (), rein (rain, )  snie (snow, ),    miel (meal, )  sliepe (sleep, , ).   ,  -  ,          ,    . ,                ,      蠖 ,     .     ,    .

    ?



 1786    ,  , -   - ,        ,      2000   ..  , :  ,   ,       ,    ,   .

   .  ꠖ   ,  ,  ,       ,      (  , ,   )   .    ,       ,       (    )   (  ,   ).  ,    ,           :  (    ),  ( ,    )   (, ,   ,       ).

      :  ,  , pitar,    蠖 pater,  젖 Vater,  젖 father.  -蠖 brother, -蠖 breeder, -蠖 Bruder,  堖 bhratar.            .

, -     4000     ,    .       ,   ,  ,        ,     -       .    .



   ,    VIII , ,      ;  ,    ;      .    .   ,      ,   .   , ,   蠖  ,     .     ,   ,        500    750 .

 ,    ,      ,              .  ,  -        .    ,   .  ,    ,     ,         tor  pen,        ,     ;    (Friar's Crag),   ,    ,     ,    ,      crag;   luh  lough,    .      ꠖ , , ,    (  afon );  ,       ࠖ   .

        ,         ?

,      ,      .    Wealas,    Welsh   ,  1500      ,        .  ,       ,        ,   ,    ,        ,     .  ,         ,          ,    ,   .      ,     :    , ,    ,      .               .

    ,         .      43   ..  410  ..,            .              젖     : planta (plant, ), win (wine, ), catte (cat, ), cetel (kettle, ), candel (candle, ), ancor (anchor, ), cest (chest, ), forca (fork, );    : weall (wall, ), ceaster (camp, ), straet (road, ), mortere (mortar,   ), epistula (letter, ), rosa (rose, ).       ,  ,   ,  ,     . ,    ,       ,       ,     .        ,    ,             .    3%    .       ,   -,       .

   ,      -   IX ,   ,       ,                     .

     :     -ing,  ,     : ,  ( ing ), , , ;  -ton,   ,   , , ,  ,     ,   , , , , , , ;  -ham,   , , , , , .  .     .   :   ,      ,    .

     :    ,       .

          .       ,   , , , , , , ,  (), , ,   the, , , , ,   ,   , , , , ,  (), , , , , , , , , ,  (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,   , come hell or high water ( ,  ,       ).  ࠖ  .       ,   ,      .            ,      ,    .       (they, their, them , , ),       (      76).

  : 1)   the; 2)   of; 3) and, ; 4)   a; 5) to, ; 6) in, ; 7) is,  (3 ., . .); 8) you, ; 9) that, , ; 10) it, ; 11) he, ; 12) was,  (. .); 13) for, ; 14) on, ; 15) are,  (. .); 16) as, ; 17) with, ; 18) his, ; 19) they, ; 20) I, ; 21) at, , ; 22) be, ; 23) this,  (); 24) have, ; 25) from, , ; 26) or, ; 27) one, ; 28) had,  (. .); 29) by, , ; 30) word, ; 31) but, ; 32) not, ; 33) what, ; 34) all, ; 35) were,  (. ., . .); 36) we, ; 37) when, ; 38) your, ; 39) can, ; 40) said,  (. .); 41) there, ; 42) use, , ; 43)   an; 44) each, ; 45) which, ; 46) she, ; 47) do, ,  ; 48) how, ; 49) their, ; 50) if, ; 51) will,  (. .); 52) up,  , ; 53) other, ; 54) about, ; 55) out,  , ; 56) many, ; 57) then, ; 58) them, ; 59) these, ; 60) so, ; 61) some, ; 62) her, , ; 63) would, ; 64) make, ; 65) like, , ; 66) him, , ; 67) into, ; 68) time, ; 69) has,  (3 .); 70) look, ; 71) two, ; 72) more, ; 73) write, ; 74) go, ; 75) see, ; 76) number, ; 77) no, ; 78) way, ; 79) could, ,  ; 80) people, , ; 81) my, ; 82) than, ; 83) first, ; 84) water, ; 85) been,  (3  ); 86) call, , ; 87) who, ; 88) oil, ; 89) its,  (. .); 90) now, ; 91) find, ; 92) long, ; 93) down,  , ; 94) day, ; 95) did, ,   (. .); 96) get, ; 97) come, ; 98) made, ; 99) may, , ; 100) part, .

     , , , , , , , , ,     .             ,       .

    ,   :  ,  ;    ,   ;      ,             ;         ,   .          堖   25 000            .

    ,    1940 ,      ,        ,     ,    .      .      .



  ,    ,   .  597     ,   ,   I    .     - ( ,  ,   ).   635          ,         .               ,   ,       ,       .    (,  ,       )    ,     ,       .             .

         .  , , ,    , , , ,   .        ,  , , ,   .    ,        ,   . , ,  ,  heaven  hell,      ;  Halig Gast ( ), Domesday ( ).            .      ,   ,   ꠖ    , ,  ,   ,       :



Nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard metudaes maecti end his modgidanc


    :



Now we shall praise the Keeper of the Heavenly Kingdom, The power of the Lord of Destiny, and his imagination

(     , /     )


     VIII .          :  ,     ࠖ    ,   ,      ,  ,   .  ,             ,         ,   , , ,        .     - ,         .    martyr (),  ,    .

    ,           ,   , ,  ,      .        ,         ,    .     ,   ,    ,   -     ,    .            .          ,  ,    ,     ,     .       .

        , ,  ,  ,   ,     ,            .

,     .    (    ,          )   ,    ,        ,   .       .       .    ,      VIII      ,     .          ,      ,     .

   :






:



Ic w?s mi? blodi bistemid


    :



I was with blood bedewed

(   )


     :    ,            .             , ,   .          ,      ࠖ    .        ,      ,         . ,     ,    ,  ,   , .     , ,   ꠖ   ,    .          .    .    ,    ,   . ,   ,      :     .     ,       , ,    .

       ,    : , , ,        : , , 堖 ,    ,        ,     ,      .      ,    .               ,    .         .

     ,        .      ,        ,       (,         ,    ),       .   ,   ,    . , , -,  ,    ,      VII       .         .  24  a, ?, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, ?, ?, u, uu (  w), y,       ,    :     ,      ,          ,     , ,   .

       ,          :    ,       ,    ,       .      ,      ࠖ  堖  .           ,      ,       .       ,  ,  ,    ,       蠖         .

     ,      ,   VIII ,     ,    , ࠖ  ,            ,     ,      ,   .           .     30    ,     ,      .         .        :   , ,  ,    ,       .  ,   VII ,        .








  ,      .     ure / our (); F?der / Father (); ?u / who (); eart / art (); heofonum / heaven ().  :








Forgyf forgive; gyltas (guilts) trespasses.



   ,   13 ,       ,    ,    :     .



  ,     ,   :         .       ,   ,    ,        蠖 VII?VIII .         堖    .          ,             .    ,       ,      .     ,            94 .



 ?

		I live alone, wounded by iron,
		Struck by a sword, tired of battle-work,
		Weary of blades. Often I see war,
		Fight a fearsome foe. I crave no comfort,
		That safety might come to me out of the war-strife
		Before I among men perish completely.
		But the forged brands strike me,
		Hard-edged and fiercely sharp, the handwork of smiths,
		They bite me in the strongholds. I must wait for
		A more murderous meeting. Never a physician
		In the battlefield could I find
		One of those who with herbs healed wounds
		But my sword slashes grow greater
		Through death blows day and night.

		(  ,
		 ,
		 ,
		   ,
		 ,
		   
		,  
		  ,   ,
		   
		  ,
		    
		 ,
		 
		 ,
		
		 
		  :
		 頖 
		 ;
		,  ,
		   
		  
		  
		 젖
		  
		 
		 ,  
		  .)

        :

		Ic eom anhaga iserne wund
		bille gebennad, beadoweorca s?d,
		ecgum werig. Oft ic wig seo,
		frecne feohtan. Frofre ne wene,

: .



   젖 ,    ,       ,      .       ,    .   :

:



Hwaet, we Gar-Dena in geardagum


 :



So, the Spear-Danes in days gone by

(!       ,   )


     ,          ,  ,  .  ,    ,      .

          ,    , ,     :

		Mynte se mansca?a manna cynnes
		summa besyrwan in sele ?am hean.

  :

		The bane of the race of men
		roamed forth, hunting for prey in the high hall.

		Onbr?d ?a bealohydig, ? he gebolgen w?s,
		recedes mu?an

		ac he gefeng hra?e forman si?e
		sl?pendne rinc, slat unwearnum,
		bat banlocan, blod edrum dranc,
		synsn?dum swealh; sona h?fde
		unlyfigendes eal gefeormod,
		fet ond folma.

		When his rage boiled over
		He ripped open the mouth of the building
		Maddening for blood

		He grabbed and mauled a man on his bench
		Bit into his bone lappings, bolted down his blood
		And gorged on him in lumps
		Leaving the body utterly lifeless
		Eaten up, hand and foot.



( ,    ,        .         ,           ,  ,  ,       ,   ;    ,     .)


        ,    .          .   ,       ,   .              :       ban-hus (, .  );      gleo-beam (,   );  ࠖ  wig-bord (  );     ,    (  ) .

-     ,             .            .             .                ,    ,    .

           ,   .

     V        ,   VIII   500          .   .




2. 


        793  :

           :    ,     ,     ,      ,  ,        ,     .

                   ,   ,    .         ,   -  .     ,             .     ,   ,       ;        ,     ,   ,        .   ,       .

 ,         .  , -     ,    ,   ,          .             ,     ,         ,       ,  .     .

            .       , ,  ,    .      ,       ,       . -  ,   ,      ,        :  .   IX       .  865             ,     .  878       . ,    ,   - .  ,      ,      ,  .   ,             .    .

䠖   ,   .    .         ,       ,     ,      .         :     (Englisc)          ⠖       I.        ,       ,     ,   ,       .

        ,   ,        , ,    ,   ,    ,      ;  ,        .

 ,     :   ,                 .

 ,    .   ,       .      ,     .  878     ,    䠖    ,     .     4000 ,      .   ,     ,     .

    ,   .         ,       ( ,  ),     .    , ,   ,    .    ,       .    ,     ,  ,  .      ,   . ,  ,  ,       ,    .     堖  ,          ࠖ           .    .



     ,     .       ;    ,         (   ) .    ? ,  .                 .            :   (     )   .            ,     ,  ,    ,     ,      ,        ,  .

         ,   , .   ,    .      :          ,  ,    .



  ,      ,      -  .    .            , ,   ,  ,        .

  ,    :     .   ,     .  ,      ,    ,       .       ;      .   ,  ,  .    (   ) ,      ,    .  ,    ,       ,    .       ,     ,         .

 ,          ,     ,              .            ,   .         ,    .     :      .              ,        .         .



       .          .   1000             ,   .          ,    .  ,       蠖    .            ,     ,        ,  ,   ,  400   ,           ,      ,     :       ,   200 ,             ,   25 000 ,      .      ,                .  , ,            ,        .       ,  ,        ,           .

        ,    .     ,    ,     ,   ,      ;   ,  , , , 頖       ,              ,       .

        ,      .          .      1500  ,    600, ,   - (-by),       .

   - ,       ,    (      400)  33 .       ,      . ,     ,              .    -:     ,    ,  , , , , , ,   ;       ,   .  -,  ,     ,  ,   .  - ( )       ;      ,   .   ,     -    .   ,  ,        ,  :    ,     dale,   (  ),  (  ), , , .         , , ,       : blaen     ,  heys?tr   .   (Keswick),      ,      cesewic,    ;            (Cheswick)   (Cheswich). ,        ,   ,       .

      ,   ,      .   ,  -son ()   .               .      , , , , , , , , , , , .              ,     ,      ,              ,   .

,         .  ,   ,   ,        , ,   ,     .  , they, their  them (, , )      (         XV ).    score (, ), steersman (, ),      ,          get  both, same  gap, take  want, weak  dirt (, ,  , , , , , ).

     .   ⠖ birth, cake, call, dregs, egg, freckle, guess, happy, law, leg, ransack, scare, sister, skill, smile, thrift  trust (     : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,   ).        [],       score (), skin (), sky ()  ..      ,  knife, hit, husband, root  wrong (, , , , ).

   ,   ,   ,    . ,        ,             .         .       ,     .   hale (, )  whole (, );     ill,  젖 sick (); skill ()    craft (), skin ()   hide ();            .     ,  ,        ,     ,         .                .      ,        .

   ,   ,     .       ,      .

  ,    ,     .         ,    .         ,         (    堖 -堖 ),      . ,  ,   ,    ,             ,    ,        ,   .       ,      頖    .     ,        ,       .         .    .   , -,     .

  .     ,            .       ,     : I gave the dogtomy daughter (  蠖 .  軠 ); I cut the meatwithmy knife (   젖 .  ).       ,            .

       ,      .        ,         ,   ,     .         .

        . ,       ,  , ,         .       .



,        ,         ,        .

  16     ,        .        --   .    ,       :     .      -        .                      .       ,     ,        ,      ,     .

 ,                  IX .    ,            .

    .  40-  50-    ,          ,            ,   ,            .    ,         ,  100, 200   300  .        . ,       ,   ,        .               .

 I ()      [].   the    't: 't bike, 't horse.    [r],  right  rrreet,      [r]   remember.

    ,         ,    .       ,      ( 8  11   ),      ( 60   ).          ,    ,      .  ,     , ,  ,   IX       .

     thee  thou,       .          ,     .      ,              .    grey,  good grey ( baary grey)   .         ( ),        lure (),        togs (), cady (), chaver (), mort (), paggered ()  ..

 cower   ,  mang nix   .          : [byeuk] book, [watter] water (   ), up  [oop], down [doon],  play, say      [plaay]  [saay]; us  [uz], face [feace], finger [fing-er].  seest thou,     do you see? (?),   siste.  ,        ,   ,    ,      r    ,     .       .

,    12 ,  1940-    -.   ,  , : Deke's you gadji ower yonder wid't dukal an't baarry mort gaan t'beck




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