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T.K. GULYAEVA



THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION LAW AND NATIONAL LAW OF MEMBER STATES



Monograph



Gulyaeva T.K.

The relationship between World Trade Organization law and national law of member states: monograph / T.K. Gulyaeva  .: Yustitsinform, 2017. 228 p.



The book investigates the legal aspects of the relationship between WTO law and national law of member states. The author proposes to modify the legal regulation of accession to the Agreement establishing the WTO. Moreover, the author formulates the position of the Russian Federation on the direct effect of WTO law within the legal system of the Russian Federation.

The book may be used by the relevant ministries and services in the field of international economic and trade law.

The book may be used to support both teaching and learning of the following topics: international law, international economic law, law of international organizations and WTO law.



Keywords: WTO law, Agreement establishing the WTO, multilateral trade agreements, plurilateral trade agreements, protocol on accession, principles of WTO law, effect of norms of WTO law, international obligations, WTO-plus obligations, legal system of the Russian Federation.



 LLC Yustitsinform, 2017




    


       

      

    

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   λ  -       .         18        [21 -                    (  -1947).    .3      18  1992 . 328                                   //   .   ; 14  1993           (L/7243) [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/91710124.pdf; 1617  1993 .                    ( ) (      14  1993 . //264 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/res_e.htm. 17  2011 .            (WT/MIN(11)/24, WT/L/839) [ ] //        1995 .,      . URL: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/ completeacc_e.htm#rus.              1  1995 .     31  1995       -47          (WT/ ACC/RUS/70, WT/MIN(11)/2 (17 November 2011)) [ ] //        1995 ,      . URL: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/ completeacc_e.htm#rus.].

 1999 .,                  [22 -  .. -      (): . . . : 12.00.10 /   . ., 1999. 169 .],     ..    -      ()[23 -  . .10.],      λ.   ,  ..               λ    [24 -  .].

  ,               2014 .      [25 -  ..     / .. . .:  , 2014. 792 .]   2015 .      λ[26 -  ..,  ..      . .:  , 2015. 160 .],   .. ,  ,   λ      ,   ,   ,      ,           λ,  /   (  )     λ[27 -  ..    :  . ., 2003. .11.].

  ,    λ ,   .. ,    [28 - .:  ..       //  . 2013.  2 (3). . 88106.],   ,   ,     λ           -        .

                 -,  .   , .. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .-. , .. , .   .

            λ            .         [29 - McRae D. The Contribution of International Trade Law to the Development of International Law // Recueil des Cours. 1996. Vol. 260. 416 p.]. .     ,   λ      .

      -   λ.    ,  . [30 - Jackson J.H. The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Massachusetts MIT Press, 1997. P 25.], .-. [31 - Petersmann E.-U. Dispute Settlement in International Economic Law  Lessons for Strengthening International Dispute Settlement in Non-Economic Areas // Journal of International Economic Law. 1999. Vol. 2. P 189.]  . [32 - Pauwelyn J. Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 554 p.],       ,   λ     .

.   [33 - Van den Bossche P, Zdouc W. The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. P. 35.]  .   . [34 - Cottier T, Oesch M. International Trade Regulation: Law and Policy in the WTO, the European Union and Switzerland: Cases, Materials and Comments. Berne: Staempfli Publishers, 2005. 1072 p.]  ,   λ      . , .    , , -,    (   )   ,     ; -,  λ      ,             (        1985 .[35 -     [. ]. URL: http://www.israelemb.org/ washington/ObamaJnJsrael/Pages/US-Israel-Trade-Relations.aspx.],         2008 .[36 -   . URL: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/ wine/third/austr_en.pdf.])      ,       (  [37 -  [. ]. URL: http://www.naftanow.org/default_en.asp.])     (  [38 -  [. ]. URL: http://www.mercosur.int.]).   λ          ,   ,      [39 - Van den Bossche P, Zdouc W. Op. cit.].

   .   , .   . ,    λ      ,    (. , ..   .. ),       λ     ,      :

  ,       ;

     ,       [40 - Jackson J.H., Davey W.J., Sykes A.O. International Economic Relations: Cases, Materials and Text on the National and International Regulation of Transnational Economic Relations. St. Paul, Minn.: West. 6th ed. 2013.  33.].

        .           .              .

        [41 -      (Final Act Embodying the results of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (.))    1986    1995 ,         //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/03-fa.pdf.] ,               [42 - Brazil  Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut. WT/DS22/AB/R (21 February 1997). P 12 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https:// www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds22_e.htm.],        ( 13    )[43 -          (. 11.2    ) //   .   .]        ( 4    )[44 -          ,   .          ,     (. 11.3    ) //   .   .].   33      [45 -         (. IV    ) //   .   .]             1  1995 . (        )  ,                   15  1994 .       [46 - .:        1995 ,       [ ] //  URL: http://www.wto.Org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/completeacc_e.htm#rus.].         ,      (,    ,     (2009),   ,              (2010)          (2012))[47 - China  Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts; China  Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products; China  Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials. .:      [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_ country_e.htm.].

          (2012)   ,           .      ,      1.2 . I        ,    ,         ,    ,    ,           .  ,  ,    342 ,       λ[48 - China  Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials. WT/ DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R (5 July 2011). Para. 7.113 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/ cases_e/ds394_e.htm.].    ,     ,              ,                 [49 - Ibid. Para. 7.114 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http:// www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds394_e.htm.].  ,    ,              ,      [50 - Ibid.].

    ,     (2009)    ,                . 1.2   .   ,  342     ,   93,    .  ,  ,    93 ,        [51 - China  Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts. WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS342/R (18 July 2008). Para. 7.740 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds342_e.htm.].

     ,              (2010)            ,   ,      ,          [52 - China  Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products. WT/DS363/R (12 August 2009). Para. 7.555 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds363_e.htm.].

.   .              20- λ[53 - WTO accessions and trade multilateralism: Case Studies and Lessons from the WTO at Twenty / U. Dadush, C. Osakwe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. P. 7.] ,     ,     ,          λ.

               .

 ,   λ       ,    ,         ,       ,              .

       ,     λ (   ),        .    (. , . )[54 - Jackson J.H. The WTO Constitution and Proposed Reform: Seven Mantras Revisited // Journal of International Economic Law. 2001. Vol. 4. P 67; Dunoff J.L. Constitutional Conceits: The WTOs Constitution and the Discipline of International Law // EJIL. 2006. Vol. 17, N 3. P. 647, 650656.]       - .    (. )[55 - Howse R. The WTO system: law, politics and legitimacy. 2007. P. 249.], , ,        ,   - .

, , .   . ,    , ,           ,      [56 - .: Jackson J.H. The World Trade Organization: Constitution and Jurisprudence. Routledge, 1998. 128 p.; Evans G. Lawmaking under the trade constitution: astudy in legislating by the World Trade Organization. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International. 2000. Vol.14. 282 p.]. .-.         [57 - Petersmann E.-U. Constitutionalism and International Organizations // Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business. 1996. Vol. 17. P 398, 402, 406.].   ,  λ         ,      [58 - Petersmann E.-U. Theories of Justice, Human Rights and the Constitution of International Markets // Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2003. Vol. 37. P. 407, 423428.].

.  ,        ,   λ (   ),   ,       ,      [59 - Pauwelyn J.A Typology of Multilateral Treaty Obligations: Are WTO Obligations Bilateral or Collective in Nature? // EJIL. 2003. Vol. 14. P. 939940.].    .   ,      jus cogens  erga omnes, , -,                [60 - Ibid. P. 927928, 934.],            - . ,  ,             ,           .  -,         ,         [61 - Ibid. P. 946.].

         ,          .           ,            .                           λ[62 - Japan  Alcoholic Beverages. WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/ AB/R (4 October 1996), P 13 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds8_e.htm.].   ,       /     .       ,      [63 - European Communities  Measures Affecting the Importation of Certain Poultry Products. WT/DS69/AB/R (13 July 1998). Para.15 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds69_e.htm.]         ,    ,   erga omnes.            ()[64 - European Communities  Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones). WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, P14 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds26 e.htm.]              (   )      .

 ,  , ,   ,  λ     ,  - ,     ,          (. 11.2    ). ,   ,  λ            (. XXIV -1994; . V      (  [65 -   .   .])). ,    1  2016 .       625   [66 -  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/ region_e.htm.],    ; ;    ; ;   - ;  - [67 - - - : , , , , , ,  , , , , , .],    [68 - -    : , , , , , , , , , , ,  , , , , .]  .

    ,      pacta sunt servanda[69 - Pauwelyn J. Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law.  38.],    λ - [70 - Pauwelyn J. Enforcement and Countermeasures in the WTO: Rules are Rules  Toward a More Collective Approach // American Journal of International Law. -2000. Vol. 94. P 335336.],   . ,   λ      .     .   . 3.2 ,                          ,  λ     .  -  

λ       ,        . ,              ,          [71 - United States  Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline. WT/ DS2/AB/R (29 April 1996). P 17 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm.].

      - ,        . ,        ,   [72 - WT/ACC/10 (21 December 2001) [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-Html.aspx?Id=102289&BoxNumber=3&DocumentPartNumber=1&Language=E&Window=L& PreviewContext=DP&FullTextSearch.],        ,            .

  ,     - ,     -  -  - [73 - Ibid.]:

1.       ,      ,    ,    ,    .

      , -,  ,  ,      , -,    ( 13    ) (. .2    ),       ( 4    ) (. 11.3    ).

2.   (specified commitments (.):

     ;

    ,     .

,     ,    :

    ;

   ,         .

     ,                            ;

      , ,  ,     .           (  [74 -   .   .]);

      ;

           .     ,  ,       ;

  ,     ,     ,       .    ,  ,  ,           .

3.     .

.  ,       - ,    ,     ,     [75 - Charnovitz S. Mapping the law of WTO accession. WTO AT TEN: GOVERNANCE, DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES // M.E. Janow, V. Donaldson, A. Yanovich (eds.). Juris Publishing, Inc., Forthcoming; GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 237; GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 237. P. 855920.].

      - (WTO-plus (.), OMC-plus (.), OMC-plus (.))  - (WTO-minus (.), OMC-moins (.), OMC-menos (.))[76 - Nguyen N. WTO Accession at Any Cost? Examining the Use of WTO-Plus and WTO-Minus Obligations for Least-Developed Country Applicants // Temple International and Comparative Law Journal. 2008. Vol. 22, N 1. P 243277. Dadush U., Osakwe C. Op. cit. P. 205.]    .   . ,  -  -      ,        λ[77 - Povarchuk R. Cambodias WTO Accession: A Strenuous but Necessary Step for a Poor Nation Seeking Economic Prosperity // Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal. 2004. Vol. 13, N. 3. P. 645671.]. , . -, .-.   .  ,     - ,      [78 - WTO  Technical Barriers and SPS Measures // Wolfrum R., Stoll P.-T., Seibert-Fohr A. (ed.). Max Planck Commentaries on World Trade Law. 1st ed. 2007. Vol. 3. Leiden. Boston. P. 379.].     -  -       .                     (. 2)[79 -   .   .].      ,   ,                    20    [80 - .:        1995 .,      . URL: http://www.wto.org/english/ thewto_e/acc_e/completeacc_e.htm#rus.], . .   -.    -񻠖 ,         ,     . , ,     31  2001 .[81 - Report of the Working Party on the Accession of Lithuania to the WTO. WT/ ACC/LTU/52 of November 7, 2000. Para. 66 [ ] //        1995 ,      . URL: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/ acc_e/completeacc_e.htm#rus.]                   . III -1994.

   λ       - ,   ,   -   λ.

    ໠  .   . .      :     ,   [82 - Cottier T., Oesch M. International Trade Regulation: Law and Policy in the WTO, the European Union and Switzerland: Cases, Materials and Comments. 1072 p.]    λ     .  , , -,  λ         (-1994      ,    ,     ;      ;      ), -,    λ     ,      ( , , ,    ,   ), , -,         ,   ,    .           ,                  .    .   .     .

  ,   λ             ,    ,        ,         .

.   .    , ,   ,    λ     ,        ,              ,       .

.   ,     .   . ,        λ,     ,   ,      .            λ, ,  ,      λ    .

 ,          λ.

      . ,      ໠    λ[83 - Carmody C. A theory of WTO law. Jean Monnet Working Paper (5/2006). New York, NY: New York University School of Law, 2006. P 1-31.].

     .   . [84 - Cottier T., Oesch M. International Trade Regulation: Law and Policy in the WTO, the European Union and Switzerland: Cases, Materials and Comments. 1072 p.],       ,        ,       [85 - Trebilcock M.J., Howse R. The Regulation of International Trade. 2


 ed. London and New York, Routledge. 1999. P. 23, 37.],         .

 .    ,    λ     [86 - Carmody C. Op. cit. P. 11.]:     ;      [87 - Ibid. . 14.];     lex specialis[88 - Ibid. P. 18.]:



1.     :

        . ,                   ,   [89 - Smith W., Hallward-Driemeier M. Understanding the Investment Climate // Finance and Development, 2005. P. 4043.].       ,   .

          [90 - India  Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products. WT/DS50/R (5 Sept. 1997) [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds50_e.htm.]   ,                  .    ,           [91 - India  Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products. WT/DS50/AB/R (5 Sept. 1997). Para. 45 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds50_e.htm.].

.  ,            ,       .     λ  ,      erga omnes partes. ,  . I.1 -1994 ,   ,     ,   .

 , .    ,   λ     ,     [92 - Carmody C. Op. cit. P 13.].     λ      .



2.      [93 - Ibid. P 14.]:

 λ     ,   .

         [94 - Turkey  Restrictions on Imports of Textiles and Clothing Products. WT/ DS34/R (May 31, 1999). Para. 9.184 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds34_e.htm.]                        ,          .   ,                 -. , . XII, XIX, XX, XXI -1994        .          ,   ,         ,       .



3.     lex specialis[95 - Carmody C. Op. cit. . 18.]:

.  ,    λ     λ          lex specialis.

  . ,          λ[96 - Palmeter D. The WTO as a Legal System // Fordham International Law Journal. 2000. Vol. 24. P 465.].

  [97 - Hart H.L.A. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961. 237 p.]        .         λ.    , .  ,   λ :

1.    ;

2.  1,    ;

3.  2,      ;

4.  3,    ,       .

5.        .

6.  4,        ;

   ,     [98 - Palmeter D. The WTO as a Legal System. P. 465.].

.  , ,   ,           ,       λ     ,        [99 - Ibid. P 466.].

   ,    . ,     ,               λ[100 - Lafer C. The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System // Gilberto Amado Memorial Lectures. Brasilia: FUNAG, 2012. P 583616.].   ,         λ,   ,        ,   ,     .

            ,    : ,   .     ,    , ,     .      :  ,      .

  .  ,   λ      [101 - Palmeter D. The WTO as a Legal System. P 478.],              ,    [102 - Ibid.] ,   ,        ,        [103 - Gray J. The nature and sources of the law. 2


 ed. /R. Gray (ed.). New York: MacMillan, 1921. P. 81, 83.]   -      .

           λ.

  .. ,  λ      ,   ,   ,      ,           λ,  /   (  )     λ[104 -  ..    :  . .11.].  ,   λ     , ,  ,    : ,   . .  λ    ,     .  12  ..      [105 -  ..,  .. . 28.]   /  ,    λ    λ.     λ,         ,  ( 13)   ( 4) .

  ,         2003 . .. [106 -  ..    :  . . 10.]     .. , , ,    λ  .  , :

  ,        ;

  /   (  ),         ;

 ,   λ[107 -  ..   :   :   / . . . .:  , - , 2006. . 119.].

  ,  ,   λ           ,  -1947 .,       / λ[108 -  ..   :    //  . 2012.  1. . 8.].      ,   λ     -1947. -1947    ,           -1994 ( 1 () -1994)). ,       λ     / λ    .    (    )          .

     λ  .. .  ,         ,      ,        ,        [109 -  ..   : , ,  []: . 3- ., . /.. . .:   , 2012. . 2932, 266.].  ,      .          [110 - .:  .        :  . .: , 2011. 176 .].        λ,           .    λ ,           ,            ,   .  ,       .

 , .. ,         . -     λ,      ()    1994 .,   -  λ[111 -  ..      . - . .:  , 2000. . 4647.].

                  . ..    ,        λ (     )      -  -      [112 -  ..  λ     //  -   :     /  . .. , .. . . 3. ., 2013. . 926.]. ..     ,   λ                1994 . (  ,        )         λ[113 -  ..            : . . . . : 12.00.10 /   . ., 2013. . 1617.].

 ,   -   λ      .

     ,   λ      ,  .. .        ()[114 -  ..     ():      / .. . 2- ., . . .:  , 2013. 219 .],          , ..    λ   - ,      [115 -  . . 204.].

     ,      λ    ,  ,       .

         .

-,  . III.5              ,  ,   ,     (  )       (  )     .

-,          . XV.1 -1994,  ,  -      Ի            ,            -.

-,        1998 .       ,          ,            ; ,     ( 3       1998 .[116 - .  WT/L/272 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coher_e/wto_oie_e.htm.]).

   ..   .. .   ,           ,     ,    , , ,          λ[117 -  ..       : . . . : 12.00.10 /   . ., 2008. . 67.].

..    λ    ,            [118 -  ..        //  . 2012.  2. . 1115.]




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.:         15  1994  //   .   .




2


     22  2012 .               15  1994 . //     (   ) 2012. 37. .4986. . :    21  2012 . 126-                 15  1994  //  . 2012. 30. .4177;         ..   24  2012 .                 16  2011  [ ] //      [. ] URL: http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/5 5EC09100128213E44257A45003A32EC.




3


 [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e. htm.




4


 [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/ dispu_by_country_e.htm.




5


European Union  Cost Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports from Russia. WT/DS474/1, G/L/1063, G/ADP/D102/1, G/SCM/ D101/1 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/ english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm.




6


European Union and its Member States  Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector. WT/DS476/1, S/L/409, G/L/1067, G/SCM/D102/1, G/TRIMS/D/40 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/ tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm.




7


Ukraine  Anti-Dumping Measures on Ammonium Nitrate. WT/DS493/1, G/L/1114, G/ADP/D109/1 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds493_e.htm).




8


European Union  Cost Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports from Russia  (Second complaint). WT/DS494/1, G/L/1115, G/ADP/D110/1, G/SCM/D107/1 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds494_e.htm.




9


Russian Federation  Recycling Fee on Motor Vehicles (complaint by the European Union). WT/DS462/1, G/L/1033, G/TRIMS/D/37 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_ by_country_e.htm.




10


Russian Federation  Recycling Fee on Motor Vehicles (complaint by Japan). WT/DS463/1, G/L/1034, G/TRIMS/D/38, G/TBT/D/45 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_ country_e.htm.




11


Russian Federation  Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union. WT/DS475/1, G/L/1065, G/SPS/ GEN/1325 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto. org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm.




12


Russia  Anti-Dumping Duties on Light Commercial Vehicles from Germany

and Italy. WT/DS479/1, G/L/1070, G/ADP/D103/1 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_

country_e.htm.




13


Russia  Tariff Treatment of Certain Agricultural and Manufacturing Products. WT/DS485/1, G/L/1080, G/VAL/D/13 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm.




14


Russia  Measures affecting the importation of railway equipment and parts thereof. WT/DS499/1, G/L/1128, G/TBT/D/48 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds499_e.htm.




15


.:      [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e. htm.




16


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17


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21


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23


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29


McRae D. The Contribution of International Trade Law to the Development of International Law // Recueil des Cours. 1996. Vol. 260. 416 p.




30


Jackson J.H. The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Massachusetts MIT Press, 1997. P 25.




31


Petersmann E.-U. Dispute Settlement in International Economic Law  Lessons for Strengthening International Dispute Settlement in Non-Economic Areas // Journal of International Economic Law. 1999. Vol. 2. P 189.




32


Pauwelyn J. Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 554 p.




33


Van den Bossche P, Zdouc W. The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. P. 35.




34


Cottier T, Oesch M. International Trade Regulation: Law and Policy in the WTO, the European Union and Switzerland: Cases, Materials and Comments. Berne: Staempfli Publishers, 2005. 1072 p.




35


    [. ]. URL: http://www.israelemb.org/ washington/ObamaJnJsrael/Pages/US-Israel-Trade-Relations.aspx.




36


  . URL: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/ wine/third/austr_en.pdf.




37


 [. ]. URL: http://www.naftanow.org/default_en.asp.




38


 [. ]. URL: http://www.mercosur.int.




39


Van den Bossche P, Zdouc W. Op. cit.




40


Jackson J.H., Davey W.J., Sykes A.O. International Economic Relations: Cases, Materials and Text on the National and International Regulation of Transnational Economic Relations. St. Paul, Minn.: West. 6th ed. 2013.  33.




41


     (Final Act Embodying the results of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (.))    1986    1995 ,         //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/03-fa.pdf.




42


Brazil  Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut. WT/DS22/AB/R (21 February 1997). P 12 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https:// www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds22_e.htm.




43


         (. 11.2    ) //   .   .




44


         ,   .          ,     (. 11.3    ) //   .   .




45


        (. IV    ) //   .   .




46


.:        1995 ,       [ ] //  URL: http://www.wto.Org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/completeacc_e.htm#rus.




47


China  Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts; China  Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products; China  Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials. .:      [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_ country_e.htm.




48


China  Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials. WT/ DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R (5 July 2011). Para. 7.113 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/ cases_e/ds394_e.htm.




49


Ibid. Para. 7.114 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http:// www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds394_e.htm.




50


Ibid.




51


China  Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts. WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS342/R (18 July 2008). Para. 7.740 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds342_e.htm.




52


China  Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products. WT/DS363/R (12 August 2009). Para. 7.555 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds363_e.htm.




53


WTO accessions and trade multilateralism: Case Studies and Lessons from the WTO at Twenty / U. Dadush, C. Osakwe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. P. 7.




54


Jackson J.H. The WTO Constitution and Proposed Reform: Seven Mantras Revisited // Journal of International Economic Law. 2001. Vol. 4. P 67; Dunoff J.L. Constitutional Conceits: The WTOs Constitution and the Discipline of International Law // EJIL. 2006. Vol. 17, N 3. P. 647, 650656.




55


Howse R. The WTO system: law, politics and legitimacy. 2007. P. 249.




56


.: Jackson J.H. The World Trade Organization: Constitution and Jurisprudence. Routledge, 1998. 128 p.; Evans G. Lawmaking under the trade constitution: astudy in legislating by the World Trade Organization. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International. 2000. Vol.14. 282 p.




57


Petersmann E.-U. Constitutionalism and International Organizations // Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business. 1996. Vol. 17. P 398, 402, 406.




58


Petersmann E.-U. Theories of Justice, Human Rights and the Constitution of International Markets // Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2003. Vol. 37. P. 407, 423428.




59


Pauwelyn J.A Typology of Multilateral Treaty Obligations: Are WTO Obligations Bilateral or Collective in Nature? // EJIL. 2003. Vol. 14. P. 939940.




60


Ibid. P. 927928, 934.




61


Ibid. P. 946.




62


Japan  Alcoholic Beverages. WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/ AB/R (4 October 1996), P 13 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds8_e.htm.




63


European Communities  Measures Affecting the Importation of Certain Poultry Products. WT/DS69/AB/R (13 July 1998). Para.15 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds69_e.htm.




64


European Communities  Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones). WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, P14 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds26 e.htm.




65


  .   .




66


 [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/ region_e.htm.




67


- - : , , , , , ,  , , , , , .




68


-    : , , , , , , , , , , ,  , , , , .




69


Pauwelyn J. Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law.  38.




70


Pauwelyn J. Enforcement and Countermeasures in the WTO: Rules are Rules  Toward a More Collective Approach // American Journal of International Law. -2000. Vol. 94. P 335336.




71


United States  Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline. WT/ DS2/AB/R (29 April 1996). P 17 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm.




72


WT/ACC/10 (21 December 2001) [ ] //  [. ]. URL: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-Html.aspx?Id=102289&BoxNumber=3&DocumentPartNumber=1&Language=E&Window=L& PreviewContext=DP&FullTextSearch.




73


Ibid.




74


  .   .




75


Charnovitz S. Mapping the law of WTO accession. WTO AT TEN: GOVERNANCE, DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES // M.E. Janow, V. Donaldson, A. Yanovich (eds.). Juris Publishing, Inc., Forthcoming; GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 237; GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 237. P. 855920.




76


Nguyen N. WTO Accession at Any Cost? Examining the Use of WTO-Plus and WTO-Minus Obligations for Least-Developed Country Applicants // Temple International and Comparative Law Journal. 2008. Vol. 22, N 1. P 243277. Dadush U., Osakwe C. Op. cit. P. 205.




77


Povarchuk R. Cambodias WTO Accession: A Strenuous but Necessary Step for a Poor Nation Seeking Economic Prosperity // Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal. 2004. Vol. 13, N. 3. P. 645671.




78


WTO  Technical Barriers and SPS Measures // Wolfrum R., Stoll P.-T., Seibert-Fohr A. (ed.). Max Planck Commentaries on World Trade Law. 1st ed. 2007. Vol. 3. Leiden. Boston. P. 379.




79


  .   .




80


.:        1995 .,      . URL: http://www.wto.org/english/ thewto_e/acc_e/completeacc_e.htm#rus.




81


Report of the Working Party on the Accession of Lithuania to the WTO. WT/ ACC/LTU/52 of November 7, 2000. Para. 66 [ ] //        1995 ,      . URL: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/ acc_e/completeacc_e.htm#rus.




82


Cottier T., Oesch M. International Trade Regulation: Law and Policy in the WTO, the European Union and Switzerland: Cases, Materials and Comments. 1072 p.




83


Carmody C. A theory of WTO law. Jean Monnet Working Paper (5/2006). New York, NY: New York University School of Law, 2006. P 1-31.




84


Cottier T., Oesch M. International Trade Regulation: Law and Policy in the WTO, the European Union and Switzerland: Cases, Materials and Comments. 1072 p.




85


Trebilcock M.J., Howse R. The Regulation of International Trade. 2


 ed. London and New York, Routledge. 1999. P. 23, 37.




86


Carmody C. Op. cit. P. 11.




87


Ibid. . 14.




88


Ibid. P. 18.




89


Smith W., Hallward-Driemeier M. Understanding the Investment Climate // Finance and Development, 2005. P. 4043.




90


India  Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products. WT/DS50/R (5 Sept. 1997) [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds50_e.htm.




91


India  Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products. WT/DS50/AB/R (5 Sept. 1997). Para. 45 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ ds50_e.htm.




92


Carmody C. Op. cit. P 13.




93


Ibid. P 14.




94


Turkey  Restrictions on Imports of Textiles and Clothing Products. WT/ DS34/R (May 31, 1999). Para. 9.184 [ ] //  [. ]. URL: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds34_e.htm.




95


Carmody C. Op. cit. . 18.




96


Palmeter D. The WTO as a Legal System // Fordham International Law Journal. 2000. Vol. 24. P 465.




97


Hart H.L.A. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961. 237 p.




98


Palmeter D. The WTO as a Legal System. P. 465.




99


Ibid. P 466.




100


Lafer C. The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System // Gilberto Amado Memorial Lectures. Brasilia: FUNAG, 2012. P 583616.




101


Palmeter D. The WTO as a Legal System. P 478.




102


Ibid.




103


Gray J. The nature and sources of the law. 2


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105


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108


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109


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110


.:  .        :  . .: , 2011. 176 .




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114


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 . . 204.




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